Reinforcement detailing and formwork — cover, laps and the things that move
Why cover is a durability dimension rather than a tolerance, what a lap length is actually doing, why site-made spacers cause the defect they were meant to prevent, which bars may be welded and which must never be, and why formwork rigidity decides whether any of it stays where it was put.
Civil & StructuralIntermediateACI 318ACI 117+2